A Scholar-Painter’s Diary: Response on the Contents of the Diary of Guo Bi

The necessity of ensuring that the upper-class men of ancient China were both trained in the various forms of the arts [i. e. poetry, painting, and calligraphy] as well as the duties involved in official service may be seen as a result of Chinese philosophy’s ethical realism. Ethical realism is the belief that there is a dynamic and relational association between man and the world and as such man’s duty is to follow the rational and ethical principle which will bring him into harmony with society and the universe (Mei, 1967, p. 150). This harmony however may only be achieved through the individual’s mastery of the arts since the arts are the manifestation of the spirit of conduct. The development of the virtue of conduct, along with the other virtues of righteousness, propriety, and wisdom necessitate the individual’s attention to continuous self-cultivation. Since self-cultivation entails the development of the virtue of conduct, it is thereby necessary for the individual to continually develop as well as manifest his virtue of conduct through the contemplation of art and nature as well the creation of his own art works. The manner in which an upper-class man develops his virtues through the arts is evident in the diary of Guo Bi. Providing a brief description of the events that occurred during his stay at Xinghua from the 12th day of the sixth month, 1309 to the 27th day of the same month in the same year, one notices that the main occupation of Guo Bi, along with his companions, involves the production and contemplation of artworks and the contemplation of nature while drinking wine. During this period, Guo Bi was able to produce ‘twenty wine poems’, ‘a picture of an impressive stone’, ‘a calligraphy scroll’, ‘a picture of orchids’, ‘calligraphy and bamboo drawings’ as well as a calligraphy inspired poem (Ebrey, 1993, p. 199). In the course of his stay in the region, one notices that the various art works mentioned above were used as a means of showing gratitude towards the individual visited by Guo Bi. Artworks, in this sense, may be seen as the material manifestation of conduct towards other individuals in Chinese society during that period.

Ideal Person Essay

Ideal person An ideal person is is that man or woman who can easily deliver his or her thoughts and ideas in a perfect manner.Actually an ideal person possesses iron determination and is a moral giant in the true sense of the term.The qualities he/ she possesses are truthfulness, honesty,love for his fellowmen, taking oath not to hurt others, not to pain anyone’s soul and try to bow before the worthy and be a balm for the bruised hearts.If all such qualities are manifested the salt of the earth is born. Can my dream be fructified? May be, I know it for certain that in the modern society most of the people are morally corrupt. If my ideal person emerges somehow from the rotten system he/she may be the pathfinder of those fallen souls leading them towards the dream destination.At that very time our beautiful planet may get rid of the blemishes. It is quite evident that man or woman with lofty ideals are not at hand but still there are people who can earn our reverence through their honesty and virtues.If they were not present in the society the Sun never blazed the Moon never glared.In the desert of corrupt populace they are nothing but the oasis,yet we know they are there with their gorgeous presence amid us. How to be an ideal person Always keep smiling. That does not mean to laugh for no reason, but it means to remain composed and confident Be as thankful as you can in your life. Of course, not all circumstances in life will be a happy one, but keeping your glace upward will improve your window of the world. Remain as truthful as possible. Avoid being pretentious and fake Stay calm and collected. Whenever someone provokes you, try not to explode. Rather than adding fuel to the fire, perhaps ask what is going on. If they do not want to answer, then just remain in the sidelines. Try not to expect things. Instead, why don’t you try lowering the bar of your expectations. If you expect the best, you have to give your best. Keep your mind on the goal, but have temperance and patience. If you want something, you have to work for it. Obtaining things in life can be easy, but most of the time it is difficult. So do not give up! Respect your elders, not only the ones you know but also the ones whomyou do not know. Meet them cheerfully and happily. Live life with enthusiasm and perseverance. We all have the same time on earth, so rather than looking down upon a situation or your life, change it so that you can be happier. Things will roll slowly, but with dedication, faith, hope, and love, you can turn things around or make your life far better than it is now. Love yourself in a sense that look upon the ones who are lower to you in wealth and in matters of greatness and good virtue look upon the ones who are higher than you in it.

Evaluation of Data and System Security Coursework

Evaluation of Data and System Security - Coursework Example The difficulty in getting this right depends upon the company and its products, if it manufactures then there is an added problem building security into its Information Technology and Telecoms (IT & T) structure on the shop floor which is not present if it is something like a bank or college which has a whole set of differing demands on security and who and where to watch for major attacks. Key words: security, networks, PC Humans in the Loop Like so many areas of IT, security would be invincible if it were not for letting people use the systems and applications, sadly this has to happen and so systems get corrupted, hacked and generally brought to their knees. Both by users and external attacks by hackers, etc. Security has been stepped up over many years as better understanding of where problems can come from and what must be done to stop them. But, now very often the very security is itself the biggest problem as it gets in the way of productive work and can cause major problems f or IT personnel trying to control users and still give them sufficient mobility to do their job well. Problems come from areas such as giving someone permissions to do a task on a mission critical application, the person goes on holiday and gives another person in the department the passwords to get into the application, that person is not well trained and promptly crashes the system on Monday morning, what then? The holidayer and substitute person will be punished then they say â€Å"oh well its impossible to get permissions for something as short as a week off, but the reports have to be done† what should managers think, it has been done for the best of motives, but the outcome is a disaster for the company security systems and for productivity. Making staff aware there can be bad outcomes is all very well, but if they find they cannot work well then human nature says find a way around the problem system or process as it’s no good. The other way will be for staff to say well we cannot do it because of the system and then productivity takes a tumble. Managers are left swearing at the whole mess, which has an apparently impossible set of outcomes. Security officers in various companies have tried some very harsh tactics to ensure they get rid of the bad guys, Carol Dibattiste states that as security officer in ChoicePoint where it had been attacked by a Nigerian person by the name of Olatunji Oluwatosin, who had posed as a legitimate set of enterprises and he was then able to set up 50 bogus accounts and got hold of ChoicePoints’ customers personal data, including names, addresses and social security numbers. When he was arrested he had to pay back $6.5 million in restitution. The problems for ChoicePoint had barely begun though, as the customers had no confidence and disappeared in droves. It was only when the company could show how well it had beefed up security that customers started to return. It now has a very harsh security system bu t feels that is better than being lax. But is it being to harsh, according to reports it will now check existing customers and if it finds something it feels is questionable even though the customer has already been through rigorous vetting it will cut them off, human nature though shows that things can get away from a small, busy company. So maybe a little to harsh today? There are measures that must be taken and then there are those that

Marketing research proposal Mercedes-Benz( how can MB attract costumer

Marketing Mercedes-Benz( how can MB attract costumer from age 27-37 in USA) - Research Proposal Example Therefore, the main concern of the company is to attract potential automobile users in the USA from the age group 27-37 years and evaluate their expectation on cars in the near future. Moving to the higher car market segment and selling premium cars can result to be the best marketing strategies for the automobile companies. Though companies are trying to enter a new market by creating a niche for itself or diversifying their existing vehicle line, technologies and effective strategies in selling high end cars at higher price range requires efficient marketing approaches than those positioned as affordable vehicles. The marketing strategies applied for premium automobiles, needs to focus on the quality it is providing, luxury, its safety, premium maintenance service and extending these features to meet the preferences of the customers (Dvir and Strasser 831). The marketing and advertising strategies planned must not leave any ambiguity on the premium value of the car. To achieve that, firstly the vehicle and the brand must be of high-quality themselves. The propagation of the product features and attributes must be in such a way through the audio and visual medium that it will allow its buyers to gain a high sense of priority and exclusiveness as if they are special. The communications strategies must be implemented in a way that make their customer realize that they are investing on high worth, top-quality product. Promotions on premium magazines, television channels and shows attracting HNI audiences, radio ads should be the main target (Saridakis and Baltas 5-10). The vehicle brand should position itself as the car with style, comfort and luxury. Self-indulgence must be the key factor of the marketing strategy. The attributes of the car, from its premium quality seat material, color, texture, interior and exterior designing, the ambience, experience of

Business and Marketing Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business and Marketing Strategies - Essay Example There has been a recent increase in health-related issues because now people are concerned about their diet more than ever before. The number of diseases caused by unhealthy eating have increased due to the rise chemical additives and genetically modified foods. Therefore, the number of people choosing to opt for organic food is increasing all the time. Organic foods are produced naturally, without using chemical synthetics or fertilizers, and not processed by irradiations. This report analyses how to carry out marketing for a restaurant offering healthy meals for public consumption.  There has been a recent increase in health-related issues because now people are concerned about their diet more than ever before. The number of diseases caused by unhealthy eating have increased due to the rise chemical additives and genetically modified foods. Therefore, the number of people choosing to opt for organic food is increasing all the time. Organic foods are produced naturally, without us ing chemical synthetics or fertilizers, and not processed by irradiations. This report analyses how to carry out marketing for a restaurant offering healthy meals for public consumption.   Spud BAR is focused on the restaurant industry; more specifically, organic and healthy meals. Another component is delivery services to customers.These meals should be prepared using only natural foods such as vegetables, fruits, and meats.   This project will look at peoples’ need for healthy food and will try to educate society about decreasing the rate of diseases caused through bad eating habits. A. The Purpose of this Project Spud Bar is a Melbourne-based health-food restaurant that is planning to open up branches in Adelaide. Our project will give recommendations as to whether this move will be a success or not. We will base our recommendations on various conditions such as economic, cultural, and demographic factors. The major purpose for this move is to increase the company†™s profits while still offering good service to customers. Also, the report will provide the company with suitable business and marketing strategies to improve competitiveness and help the company become successful in the marketplace. B. Target Market 1. People who suffer from obesity The rates of obesity in Australia as a whole, and more specifically Adelaide, have risen over the last decade. The types of people who will benefit from this project are those who look to minimise the number of calories that they eat every day. This project will focus on these types of people by offering them a variety of foods that are suitable for them and can be arranged in advance. 2. Old people and patients Due to their health conditions, those who are either retired or ill are recommended to eat specific dietary meals. More specifically, these meals should have less fat in conjunction with being nutritious. It is very difficult to get this balance right, and this presents to us a target market that is relatively untapped. 3. Local universities students and employees The Adelaide Central Business District (Adelaide CBD) includes three universities (University of Adelaide, University of South Australia, and Flinders University) along with the Adelaide Royal Hospital and a large number of companies. Opening a branch in this location will help us to reach thousands of local students. 4. Preparing meals for events: The company can organise meals for events such as birthday parties, graduation ceremonies, and so on. Discounts can be given to such events, as the order will include large quantities of

Christian Counseling Ethics By Randolph Sanders Essay

Christian Counseling Ethics By Randolph Sanders - Essay Example From this research it is clear that  in the first section of the book, The Christian Practitioner, chapters included are ‘Essential Elements for Ethical Counsel’ by Horace C. Lukens Jr., ‘Qualifications of the Christian Mental Health Professional’ by Richard E. Butman, ‘Pastors Who Counsel’ by Bill Blackburn, ‘Sexual Misconduct & the Abuse of Power’ by John F. Shackelford and Randolph K. Sanders, and ‘Christian Responses to the Unethical Healer’ by Ioma L. Hawkins and Colleen K. Benson. In his article, Horace C. Lukens Jr. deals with various significant elements of ethical counseling including confidentiality, informed consent to treatment, documentation, ending treatment, and dual relationships. Richard E. Butman, in his article, makes a reflective analysis of the various essential qualifications of the Christian mental health professional and he defines competence of the Christian counselors.  This study outlines that  more significantly, he offers ten guidelines for improving the competence of Christian clinicians. In the chapter ‘Pastors Who Counsel’, Bill Blackburn deals with topics such as pastoral counseling in context, the Pastor as Shepherd, integrity of the Pastor, the ethics of referral, and boundary issues, etc and provides general guidelines for pastoral counseling.  Business Ethics in Mental Health Service’ which gives revealing ideas of the business of mental health, truth in advertising, payment for services, and interactions inside and outside the workplace.... opics such as 'Ethics' versus 'Christian Ethics', professional ethics, ethics in context and as content, ethical theory, and social ethics, public policy and consensus. According to Alan C. Tjeltveit, psychotherapy is an extremely and pervasively ethical endeavor and the Christian ethics dynamically supports as well as sharply challenges the ethical positions represented in various forms of therapy. He also maintains that Christian ethics have much to learn from psychotherapists and it is essential for the Christian clients and therapists to engage in substantive reflection on the ethical dimensions of therapy. In the first section of the book, The Christian Practitioner, chapters included are 'Essential Elements for Ethical Counsel' by Horace C. Lukens Jr., 'Qualifications of the Christian Mental Health Professional' by Richard E. Butman, 'Pastors Who Counsel' by Bill Blackburn, 'Sexual Misconduct & the Abuse of Power' by John F. Shackelford and Randolph K. Sanders, and 'Christian Responses to the Unethical Healer' by Ioma L. Hawkins and Colleen K. Benson. In his article, Horace C. Lukens Jr. deals with various significant elements of ethical counseling including confidentiality, informed consent to treatment, documentation, ending treatment, and dual relationships. Richard E. Butman, in his article, makes a reflective analysis of the various essential qualifications of the Christian mental health professional and he defines competence of the Christian counselors. More significantly, he offers ten guidelines for improving the competence of Christian clinicians. In the chapter 'Pastors Who Counsel', Bill Blackburn deals with topics such as pastoral counseling in context, the Pastor as Shepherd, integrity of the Pastor, the ethics of referral, and boundary issues, etc

Quality of Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quality of Food - Essay Example Similarly when it comes to food products, customers normally prefer the quality of food and its taste. As the world is growing, people are demanding more and more changes in their living, eating and dressing habits. They are demanding not only for the low cost items but also demand to purchase a good quality product. When it comes to food products, consumers show a more sensitive attitude to buy a reputable product. The reputation of a food product is based on the quality and safety of the product. The reputation of a food product is mainly set up by the highest customer satisfaction and positive attitude towards the product. As found by Dickinson, Hobbs and Bailey that consumers of food products are willing to pay even more than the normal price only if they are assured that the food has passed the normal quality attributes. This paper would further explain the role of quality assurance in achieving the highest customer satisfaction and confidence in the food industry. Quality of a product depends on a number of factors like the selection of unprocessed material, processing techniques, packaging, techniques of storing material, security of sensitive products etc. All these factors may have a great positive or negative affect on the quality of the final product. Quality can be defined as a certain factor which exposes the degree of superiority of a product. The word quality has a greater role to play when it comes to food. Quality of food is dependent upon the phases that the food passes from and if or not the food is desirable to eat after passing through the different stages. ' Quality assurance is the concept which denies the concept that a good final product can be produced by a low-quality or poor raw material. In the food industry, it is believed that effective procedures must be used and carefully practiced to preserve the actual quality of the raw material. In simple words, it implies that useful procedures may help in saving time and reduce the normal losses (for example, Material wastage while transferring it from one process to another), however, no effective processing may improve the quality of raw material and hence of the final product. Quality assurance is necessary for the thriving progress of business and its goodwill. In order to make their distinguishable standard in the food industry, owners are required to maintain a constant standard of their products. Quality control bears importance as its aim is not just to produce a product which achieves the standards of quality which is already available in the market but also to maintain that quality in each piece of its product. Quality assurance sets its standards and then promises the customers to maintain and develop it throughout its business life (2). The point to ponder is that in the food industry the major step, to control the quality of food, can only be taken before putting the raw material in its first process. Once the raw material is added to the process it becomes difficult and almost impossible improve its quality. Quality assurance requires proper quality check from the very beginning of the production process. Without quality inspections at several stages it is impossible to assure the quality even after using the best possible way to reduce the cost price. Quality is

Management of depression for David Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management of depression for David - Essay Example Further it will help him undertake measures to help in rehabilitating his father who is an alcoholic so that he can reform and shun his drinking habits. (Veronica, 2001) The purpose of the appraisal is to help David understand that his predicament can be over and he can be able to get through the tough times he is undergoing. It will also assist David in appreciating himself, accepting his current situations hence taking appropriate measurer to help solve them, assist him in understanding that sharing his problems with others is a healthy more which he should adopt by sharing his worries with some one he can trust, balance work and recreation, avoid reliance on things such as drugs and alcohol, accept his duties of care giving and parenting alone and help him manage his time effectively. Gough, N. (1992) Defines Enquiry based learning as a learner-centered approach that puts more emphasizes on higher order thinking skills. This occurs in several ways which assist the students to gain academic independence when it comes to self study. Some of them are problem solving, discovery methods, critical and creative activities e.t.c. all these takes place in the entire community including the classroom level. The learners are expected to arrive at solid conclusions regarding the self processed data on the question under discussion since the study is entirely self-centered. This is usually done in groups. For example, a group of fifteen students can gang up to discuss very practical oriented scenarios for instance they can discuss ways to help intellectually challenged students who are there in the society, they can also take a case of wife beating research on it and arrive at possible solution to the said vice, they can also take an individual in their midst research on drug abuse and arrive at comprehensive findings e.t.c. In our case we shall organize the fifteen of us(students) hold a small meeting whereby we will table the whole scenario of David so that it can be discussed amongst ourselves through personal research and own contributions. This will be a full research incorporating the collection of all the best research materials interpreting them and finally coming up with quality researched work. Our learning issues will basically dwell on the issues affecting the troubled David as to our scenario. Every member of our group is supposed to investigate matters in the scenario by fully researching on it after which we shall hold another discussion session and compare our researched work and later combine it for reliable results. To get the required resources Students will visit well stocked libraries which offer all sorts of learning books, journals, magazines, internet facilities among others. Enquiry based learning process is used to help the learners in developing relevant skills on how to successfully handle issues in their future, it helps them assess various scenarios, research on them thereby by acquiring vast knowledge to tackle such matters which counts greatly in their overall cognitive development. In the above case the process will help us to go through the clinical and theoretical measures on how to

Aassignment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aassignment - Assignment Example To make the community aware of the importance of cleaning to prevent mosquitoes, an overall community cleaning program may be organized with the local government. This program, titled as Clean My Own Space entails every household to go out on a designated day to clean up their space and have a community leader assess the cleanliness of their space. Successful households will receive a souvenir shirt (max of 2 for those with two representatives) to commend their efforts. The household with the best waste segregation and disposal practices will receive a special award from the mayor. This way, the inhabitants will be more aware of the importance of clean space to control the spread of mosquitoes. I was in a bookstore looking for â€Å"Dork Diaries† by Rachel Renee Russell, a book my niece wished for Christmas. The store assistant seemed to be very busy when I approached her. I tried to find the book myself but learned that it was on a shelf at a securely locked counter. I approached the woman for the second time to inquire editions of the book. She told me that there are two, one that comes in a set of 6 and another in 3. I preferred the second due to its price but before I bought it, I asked the assistant about the difference in the titles. The assistant seemed irritated and tried to dismiss me by saying that the books are just the same. I insisted that there must be a difference based on the obvious difference in the number of books. She just said that the 6-pack set is hard-bound while the other is soft-bound. I still insisted that she hand me over the books so I could see for myself. When she pretended not to notice me, I said, â€Å"Aren’t you the one in charge here? I hope you’d give me attention because you can’t expect anyone to do your job for you.† Upon hearing this, the woman turned to my direction and got me the

Organisational change Essay Example for Free

Organisational change Essay The author Gareth Morgan, uses a metaphor when describing organisational change. The title of his book Riding the waves of change suggests that change is a very dynamic process and for like surfers, managers and their organisation have to ride on a sea of change that can twist and turn with all the power of the ocean. The ocean representing the organisations internal and external environment. John Harvey-Jones (1993, p21) once said organisations need to adapt or perish. This is still as relevant now as it was in the 1990s. Change is due to a number of internal and external triggers. External triggers include, political, economic, social, technological and environmental factors and an increase in competition. Internal triggers are changes within the organisation. Change is now a major issue in which organisations, managers and their employees have to face. Organisations who fail to adapt to this dynamic environment in a suitable and appropriate manner, could face organisational failure, causing problems for individual jobs and careers. Managers need a pro-active mindset where they need to anticipate and confront challenges of the future, rather than manage in relation to events that have already occurred. When facing organisational change, managers must consider the people whom the change is affecting. These would include the people within the organisational environment, for example, staff, and the people outside the organisation, for example, customers and other stakeholders. There are many types of organisational change, each type affecting the individual in a different way. Change can be distinguished by considering how deeply the change affects the organisation. Buchanan, Claydon and Doyle, (1999) carried out a survey of management experiences of change. The findings suggest that organisational change can create fear, fatigue and cynicism. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross (1969) found that when dealing with something traumatic and stressful, people go through a number of phases, known as the coping cycle. This has been used to understand peoples responses to organisational change, a situation where people often find it hard to cope. The five stages of the Kubler-Ross response coping cycle disguises peoples individual differences. We may omit some stages, revisit particular stages or pass through them more or less quickly than others. From an organisational outlook, this can be a useful tool when trying to detect where in the response cycle a person may be, during organisational change and guidance and support can be offered when necessary. Managers need to contemplate how much pressure staff can take from organisational change. The relationship between pressure and performance can be described in the Yerkes-Dodson law (1908). The law states that task performance increases as our state of arousal increases, and that beyond some optimal point, we become overwhelmed by the level of stimulation or pressure, and our performance starts to fall. With changes being imposed, people have to spend time learning new things, adapt to new systems and procedures, develop new knowledge and use new skills and behaviours. The organisation cannot stop functioning while this happens and this can lead to the initiative fatigue which Buchanan, Claydon and Doyle found during their survey, mentioned earlier. Peoples arousal levels can be pushed beyond their optimum performance point where change initiatives are frequent. However, Morgan feels it is important to view people as key resources, encouraging them to relish change, blending specialist and generalist qualities, managing in an environment of equals, and making education a continual process. If people have skills in a number of jobs within the organisation, they will be more flexible to change. Management need to know what levels of pressure people are experiencing. There are a number of indicators which can reveal, among other things, that people are working under too much pressure prompting management to reduce the pressure. These measures may include: * Unexplained absences * High rate of sickness * Labour turnover * More customer complaints * More employee grievances * Accidents and mistakes Resistance to change is common, however, people find change threatening. Those involved are presented with new scenarios, new problems and challenges. Change can be ambiguous and unclear. Many people find change, or the thought of change frustrating. Where Huczynski and Buchanan emphasise that change can be a problem for existing employees, Morgan focuses on the importance of managers recruiting people who enjoy learning and relish change and to motivate employees to be intelligent, flexible and adaptive. Tony Eccles (1994), identified thirteen possible sources of resistance which managers should consider when managing chance in the organisation: * Ignorance This may cause a failure to understand the problem * Comparison A solution may be disliked because an alternative is preferred * Disbelief People may feel that a proposed solution will not work * Loss The change may have unacceptable personal costs * Inadequacy The rewards from change are not sufficient * Anxiety People fear of being unable to cope with the new situation * Demolition This is where change threatens to destroy existing social arrangements * Power cut Sources of influence and control will be eroded * Contamination New values and practice are repellent * Inhibition The willingness to change is low * Mistrust Management motives for change are considered suspicious * Alienation Other interests are more highly valued than new proposals * Frustration The change will reduce power and career opportunities There are potentially as many different reasons for resisting change as there are individuals affected by change in the first place. Through a set of approaches which involves the use of a range of management techniques and stakeholder analysis, resistance to change can be managed. Stakeholders are those people or groups with an interest in the organisations activities. There are three types of stakeholder, each should be managed differently: Internal stakeholders exist within the boundaries of the organisation. They are employees and management Connected stakeholders are those outside the organisation, such as suppliers, customers and shareholders External stakeholders include the state, local authorities, the public, pressure groups etc People within an organisation are affected by change and therefore respond differently to specific change proposals. Anticipating responses becomes possible when one understands the stakeholders concerned with a particular organisational change. John Kotter and Leo Schlesinger (1979) identified six methods for overcoming resistance: 1. Education and commitment Managers need to inform the people whom the change involves and affects about the nature of the problem prompting change. Their objections, perceptions and knowledge should be shared with these people to avoid misunderstandings which can cause resistance. It helps to get the facts straight, and to identify and resolve opposing views. There must be a large amount of trust between management and employees if this approach is to be used. Managers should pay special attention to skills that increase their power to communicate, to create shared understanding. 2. Participation and involvement By involving those people who resist change in the planning and implementation of it, their fears will be reduced about the impact of changes on them. Collaboration can reduce opposition and encourage dedication. If managers are to use this approach, it is important that the individuals have satisfactory knowledge and ability to contribute effectively. 3. Facilitation and support Peoples feelings may be altered towards change and they may be able to accept it if they are offered support to overcome the fears and anxieties. 4. Negotiation and agreement When imposing change, it is important to consider those affected who have a certain degree of power over the organisation. A mutually agreeable compromise may be necessary, through trading and exchange. 5. Manipulation and co-optation When proposing change to a particular group or stakeholder it may be necessary to deliberately appeal to their specific interests, sensitivities and emotions, deliberately emphasising the benefits and playing down the disadvantages. Co-optation involves giving key resistors direct access to the decision making process, perhaps giving them for example, high status management positions. 6. Implicit and explicit coercion This is where management abandons any attempt to reach an agreement and results in the use of non-violent force or threats. This could mean firing the individual, demoting them or to obstruct their promotion and career prospects. This may be appropriate when no agreement is being made between management and those concerned with the change. For effective change implementation, managers should enforce change with full cooperation. Employee involvement is very important for managers to overcome resistance and encourage employees to welcome the prospect of change in the organisation. Management should carefully think of leadership styles to managing change because this can help reduce the resistance to change. By adopting a collaborative style of management, employees will willing participate in key decisions affecting their and the organisations future. One experience of organisational change that sticks in mind was the appointment of a new manager at a hotel where I was employed. When I first began working there, the original manager lacked leadership skills. Internal communications were poor, for example, when the restaurant opening times changed, staff were not informed properly or not informed at all by management. Staff had to rely on word of mouth from other members of staff which often led to misinterpretation. Management did, not listen to problems which staff encountered. Management didnt care which led to staff not caring. The hotel had room for improvements, but these improvements were not implemented. The customer was not the focus of any decision-making and their requirements were not met. This resulted in a great loss of business over a short period of time. When new management was appointed, I experienced complete change in the organisation. Staff views were listened to, their ideas for improvement in the hotel were taken into consideration and often carried out. Internal communications were improved and staff felt more involved with the business. With the manager being focused, this led to staff sharing this attitude. Customers were at the focus of every business making decision, their opinions were listened to. The hotel experienced complete innovation which staff and customers were happy with. Within a short time, business picked up again and still continues to. Morgan agrees with Huczynski and Buchanans view that people resist change, but feels that if people are educated and trained to do more one job in the organisation there will be a lesser feeling of loss of security and certainty. He believes in schemes that guarantee employees an income and a role in the organisation, but not a specific role. In this way, security is defined in financial terms-rather than in terms of the right to discharge a particular set of duties or responsibilities- and the organisation provides suitable retraining and development programs. Change demands innovation, and innovation demands that the creative potential in people is unleashed. Many people have come to see themselves as having a clear place in their organisations, whether in terms of their immediate job or career. This trend needs to be reversed to create a situation in which people recognize and accept change, and rise to meet the challenges it brings. Huczynski and Buchanan tend to focus on the negative effects people experience when change occurs, which I believe to be an old fashioned view. I agree with Morgan, who talks more about the positive aspects of change people experience, where people today, like a challenge and have more opportunities and are encouraged to learn more skills. Negatives are seen as opportunities. Morgan believes that it is important to view people as a key resource, encouraging them to relish change, blending specialist and generalist qualities, managing in an environment of equals, and making education a continual process. When managing change, managers need to consider the people whom the change is affecting. Staff should be considered and informed to ensure widespread participation within the business when the change takes place. Management should try to build a culture where their employees share their values and aims, and a company wide acceptance to the change is adopted. The common problem of resistance to change can be helped and possibly overcome through a number of management techniques and leadership styles. Staff should be asked to identify and develop new opportunities in the organisation. This kind of orientation can invigorate and empower people to reach the leading edge of change and stay there. It is also important to consider the customer when managing change in the organisation because in todays marketing orientated attitude to business, all decision making and planning must be based around customers requirements. This is an important factor contributing to the success of the organisation. Connected stakeholders, for example suppliers, also need to be considered and informed of the change. Their views and opinions need to be heard and taken into account. When dealing with stakeholders who have a certain degree of power over the organisation, it may be appropriate to negotiate and compromise with them. This will reduce any conflict which could lead to major problems for the organisation in the long run. Managers should use the views and needs of customers and other key stakeholders as a mirror in which they see and understand their own strengths and weaknesses, and act on these insights to reshape their relations with the environment. It is also important to consider the organisations competitors when managing change. Is the change going to create an advantage or disadvantage to competitors? Will the change encourage new competitors? Clearly, any program of change involves a high degree of skill in people management since people are at the very centre of the change. By considering the people factors when managing change, the change will be successful.

Bio-Medical Model of Health: History, Overview and Analysis

Bio-Medical Model of Health: History, Overview and Analysis INTRODUCTION Efficient, cost effective and patient centred care matching the needs of a complex, rapid changing health care industry is important as it undergoes a complete reconstruction. Keeping in mind its intricate nature, it is imperative that collaboration occurs in all stages of the planning process to ensure a smooth transition. The sheer volume of changes can be overwhelming, however nurses need to seek the window of opportunity and develop a new set of skills or utilize existing skills focusing on flexibility and adaptability to create new career pathways that can move nursing in a direction that has not been seen before. What is paramount in this equation however is the need to use knowledge from our past, building on its foundations to ensure sustainability. This literature review is based on discussing the Bio-Medical Model beginning with a historical perspective, synthesizing components within, leading to events which have driven the need for major changes in the health structure, design, process and delivery of health care. By reflecting on the past we can gain an understanding on economic, cultural, political and social influences that have helped shape our health climate and the way we work. This will enable us to gain knowledge and apply this to our future using a well grounded approach. Throughout history there have been many leaders who have contributed to shaping the Bio-Medical Model of Health and Illness which is the dominant model used in Medicine within the Western World, and is over centuries old. Rene Descartes in the 1700s recognized the mind and body were separate entities hence today there are different practitioners treating them, each with their own set of literature and research. (Cannon,R. 2014). ( Maher, n.d) argues that the mind and body are inextricably bound and there is no division between them. Alternatively some of the Eastern traditions work on the philosophy that the mind, body and all existential matter work together like a well oiled machine.(Large, E 1996). Many other people helped lay the foundations of the Bio-medical model of Health and illness for instance Louis Pasteur recognised that diseases are spread by bacteria and could be killed through sterilisation with Koch building on this concept by discovering that certain bacteria caused a particular type of disease. Joseph Lister played his part in medical science discovering that germs had the potential to cause illness and death. John Dalton stated that matter was made up of atoms which set up further research in physics.(Liang et al; 2006). These are just a few areas which operated under the umbrella of biomedical model of Health and Illness. The Biomedical Model is based on science and focuses on health as being devoid of disease. Science usually uses a system of enquiry which occurs through observation, experimentation, collecting data, hypothesizing and predicting resulting in a conclusion. Progress in science does not demonstrate allegiance to open interpretation rather favours accuracy and predictability. The main function of health services is to cure the sick and disabled working under a physiological framework. (Greenhill, 2008). Illness creates a physical change in the body due to chemical imbalances, viruses, bacteria, or genetic causes. (â€Å"Introduction to Health Psychology†. n.d.). Working within the Biomedical framework, the relationship between health and illness is confirmed whereby a person is considered to be either ill or healthy and there are no grey areas in between. Recognition of Patterns of illness is derived from signs and symptoms provided by patients assisting doctors in constructing a medical history in which further investigation can occur. Obtaining pathology is one method which guided doctors in enabling some form of treatment to be implemented. The patient is then expected to recover and therefore they are cured. (McGraw,n.d.). The social constructs of medicine under the Bio-medical model has been one where the doctor is a person who holds the knowledge, is competent in nature and ultimately the gatekeeper. They have been held in high esteem by the public due to their professional standing. This belief system was strengthened by the fact that the doctor held the power, was trusted and ultimately had the monopoly in health services which were self regulated. It was he who treated the illness. (Crinson, I 2014). During the 19th Century through regulating the profession, power was given to doctors to self regulate and the ability to regulate other health disciplines occurred so that they would exercise domination within the health service. Adams,T 2013). Using Parsons Systems model with its roots embedded in biomedicine, illness is considered to of course being undesirable with the ill individual,who must take on that persona and seek help accordingly, co-operating with directives from a health professional. Based on Parson’s theory no onus occurs on behalf of the individual in relation to health ownership, resulting in people when ill have the right to withdraw from their social responsibilities such as attending school or work. (Parsons, 2011). This type of belief system is somewhat contradictory in terms where in some cultural contexts however, individuals are made to feel responsible for their medical conditions and often ridiculed such as those that smoke and those that consume large amounts of alcohol, while others in comparison are made to feel blameless. (Lupton, 2012). Philosophy has influenced and transfigured meta-physical medicine into scientific medicine. The philosophical changes focus on knowledge drawn through observation, and experiences and therefore knowledge is based on facts, evidence and research (empiricism) (Thomas, 2014). Secularism progressed with the shift of dominance of religious and spiritual influence in health and physical reductionism which involved dissecting and interpreting complex processes into small parts resulting in a broader understanding of illness.( Beresford, 2010). Doctors are seen to make judgments on who is ill and who is not.( Ekobi, 2013). Conditions of a person are evaluated rather than the impact a condition has on them. (Leimkuehler, 2005). Alterations within the body are defined, measured and isolated. Patients often take a passive role in the Doctor/Nurse relationship. The doctor is an authoritative figure who gives an order or suggestion and the patient obeys. (Darkins Cary, 2000). Treatment of illness occurs from an outside intervention directed and controlled usually by the doctor either physically such as through surgery or chemically using medication. (Vallis McHugh 2011 The psychological, social, behavioural and environmental aspects are not usually given much emphasis in treatment of patients for practitioners working under the auspices of the biomedical model. Difficulties occur when explaining chronic pain and underlying pathophysiology is examined in isolation, making it difficult to explain why treatments fail. (Lewis 2014). Literature from many sources have outlined the increase in costs, nursing recruitment and retention problems, aged population, technological advances and a more informed society have all contributed to the medical model of practice that no longer meets people’s health needs both on an individual level and globally. The biopsychosocial supports the view that illness culminates from one or a number of causes such as biological, psychological or environmental issues. (Waddell G Aylward 2010). Albelson et al supports this and identifies causative factors such as age, genetic makeup, social support, social role in society, level of income and many other internal and external elements, which necessitates promotion of initiatives within health policies and management. The social model is not designed as a substitute for the biomedical model but it is there to complement it. (Germov,J 2013). A qualitative study executed in Canada investigated whether or not population health was integrated, as a focus for future plans within their health programmes. Results demonstrated that although there was inclusion within their policies, however leaders in the health field acknowledged the need to develop flexible frameworks, and they emphasized the importance of sharing a large body of knowledge that could be adapted across different contexts. Evidence based practice has been used within the biomedical model of health, and is important in justifying and being accountable for your work. Your ideals and values within the framework and model that underpins your work culture guides your practice and therefore this will dictate how you would answer the question â€Å"What is health promotion?† One may answer by helping people cope with their social environment, or maybe to look at how their environment can work to their advantage or by reviewing the medical treatment given which would provide optimum results. (Raphael, 2000). For a smooth transition from one paradigm to another, requires people to be engaged in the change process by enhancing their abilities and willingness to become active rather than proactive in their health. Research has shown that by adopting the following principles this will be beneficial to all concerned. Importance should be highlighted in involving all parties in the decision making process from contributing to the healthcare design, and delivery to the point of evaluation. Encouraging willing participants to promote patient centred care through advocacy, optimises policy development. Targeting resources to those that are most vulnerable reduce inequalities in health care is valuable in making positive changes. (Self Management Alliance, 2010). How you envisage healthcare in the very near future hopefully will be a system run by efficient knowledgeable staff who delivers quality, patient centred care in a timely fashion. A system which focuses on prevention and embracing a holistic approach in easily accessible, user friendly settings, staff will promote empowerment so that people can take back some control over health practices whilst making informed choices with the aim of addressing the who, where, what and why principles when it comes to all that affects ones health. Working as one close unit together as individuals, family, friends, and community and globally will go a long way in the improving health for all. CONCLUSION Medicine is no longer a static process with predictable ways of measuring all health outcomes .Riding the journey and embracing change both in the health industry and that of society which is subjected to internal and external forces, through reflection the ride can be made smoother by our history can set the climate for open discussion and effective communication so that we can reproduce the conceptual dimensions which worked to our advantage, and bypass the rest. What is abundantly clear is the need for nurses to learn the importance of having their voice heard through joint decision making processes and move on from a culture that in the past has subtly led nurses to being second cousins to other professions. It should be noted that with such complexities of an everychanging world is medicine requiring a change in health paradigm there is no one panacea within this context. When it comes to designing the perfect health care system we can’t just leave it up to serendipity. Just something for us to ponder over is Christiaan Barnards words which are as follows: I dont believe medical discoveries are doing much to advance human life. As fast as we create ways to extend it we are inventing ways to shorten it. Christiaan Barnard

Sound on Disc :: essays research papers

Sound-On-Disc: From Inception ‘til Death From the Kinetophone to the Vitaphone, the sound-on-disc format dominated the pioneering stage of sound in movies. For the first time ever, people were able to hear sound synchronized with the images on the screen, and the revolution had begun-the talkies were here to stay. It was the sound-on-disc format that helped create many of Hollywood’s â€Å"talkie† classics, including The Jazz Singer and The Singing Fool. However, another format, sound-on-film, would soon take reign of the talking motion picture movement, as the audience and the exhibitors started to become more demanding as technology was slowly improving. Sound-on-disc was simply beleaguered with too many technical and economic problems to continue to stay relevant. Thus, the competing sound-on-film format eventually became widely-accepted in the motion picture industry and is used even to this day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were many different technologies in the beginning of the 20th Century that were able to incorporate sound with film, including the Chronophone and the Cameraphone. However, the most influential film-phonograph combination in terms of the impact on the developments in the 1920s was Thomas Edison’s Kinetophone, which featured an automatic synchronizing system (Gomery, 27). Numerous identical gears linked the phonograph and projector to cause both machines, if manually operated, to move at the same rate. He also created an adjustment dial to correct synchronization problems. The Kinetophone was indeed advanced for its time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On February 19, 1913, the Kinetophone premiered at the Colonial, a vaudeville theatre on Broadway. The film opened with a lecturer who proceeded to explain the system. He also smashed a plate, played the violin and piano, and had a dog bark-all of which demonstrated the power of Edison’s technology (28). A minstrel act followed, and the film eventually ended with the chorus of the â€Å"Star Spangled Banner.† It was a huge hit, and the audience gave the film a 15 minute standing ovation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite it’s successful opening night, the promise of the Kinetophone never materialized. During the second week of its New York Presentation, the audience booed the Kinetophone, as the synchronization was off by as much as 10 to 12 seconds due to an inexperienced projectionist. There were also other problems that plagued it. The phonograph emitted a â€Å"harsh, metallic sound†, and its volume was never sufficient to fill a large vaudeville theatre (29). Eventually, by 1915, all operations of Edison’s Kinetophone had ceased. Edison’s failure marked the end of the pioneering phase of the phonograph- based sound pictures.

Affirmative Action and Collective Responsibility Essay -- Argumentativ

Affirmative Action and Collective Responsibility      It is not surprising that affirmative action is under attack: along with welfare, it benefits a section of society with very little political clout. It is a convenient place for the displaced anger of working-class white men who have seen their real wages decrease for the past thirty years. It stirs up feelings of racism that politicians are quick to publicly denounce but even quicker to exploit. There is, however, very little serious discussion about affirmative action underway; more often it is supplanted by buzzwords such as "quotas," "set-asides," and "reverse discrimination." A serious discussion of affirmative action must begin by addressing the question of collective responsibility. Affirmative action opponents firmly reject the notion of collective responsibility, claiming that it is unfair to punish those alive today for crimes committed by their parents. One letter to the editor received by The Progressive Review reads: "I never owned slaves, and have never discriminated against anyone. Why should I have to pay for someone else's sins? Slavery ended over a hundred years before I was born, and over seventy years before the first of my ancestors arrived in the United States." Unfortunately, responsibility for the effects of slavery and discrimination cannot be so easily shirked. Even if our direct ancestors did not participate in the slave trade, we are nevertheless members of a society that did; part of the "individual responsibility" so fervently worshipped by neo-conservatives must include taking responsibility for things done by our society. When a person becomes an American, he or she must accept not only the glory and honor of our history, but also the sh ... ... condemned to exist as a perpetual underclass, trapped in poverty by the racism to which their poverty gives rise. Racism will not eradicate itself; in a society ruled by the almighty dollar, one cannot separate legal equality from economic equality. That is the most fundamental flaw of conservative opposition to affirmative action: the belief that those who live under bridges have the same rights as those who do not. Unless we make an active attempt to undo the effects of three hundred years of oppression, there will never be a color-blind society. The complaints of a few white men who miss their traditional ascendancy seem insignificant in comparison to the alternative: an unbroken cycle of misery for everyone else. True peace is not merely the absence of conflict, but the presence of justice. -Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter From a Birmingham Jail" Affirmative Action and Collective Responsibility Essay -- Argumentativ Affirmative Action and Collective Responsibility      It is not surprising that affirmative action is under attack: along with welfare, it benefits a section of society with very little political clout. It is a convenient place for the displaced anger of working-class white men who have seen their real wages decrease for the past thirty years. It stirs up feelings of racism that politicians are quick to publicly denounce but even quicker to exploit. There is, however, very little serious discussion about affirmative action underway; more often it is supplanted by buzzwords such as "quotas," "set-asides," and "reverse discrimination." A serious discussion of affirmative action must begin by addressing the question of collective responsibility. Affirmative action opponents firmly reject the notion of collective responsibility, claiming that it is unfair to punish those alive today for crimes committed by their parents. One letter to the editor received by The Progressive Review reads: "I never owned slaves, and have never discriminated against anyone. Why should I have to pay for someone else's sins? Slavery ended over a hundred years before I was born, and over seventy years before the first of my ancestors arrived in the United States." Unfortunately, responsibility for the effects of slavery and discrimination cannot be so easily shirked. Even if our direct ancestors did not participate in the slave trade, we are nevertheless members of a society that did; part of the "individual responsibility" so fervently worshipped by neo-conservatives must include taking responsibility for things done by our society. When a person becomes an American, he or she must accept not only the glory and honor of our history, but also the sh ... ... condemned to exist as a perpetual underclass, trapped in poverty by the racism to which their poverty gives rise. Racism will not eradicate itself; in a society ruled by the almighty dollar, one cannot separate legal equality from economic equality. That is the most fundamental flaw of conservative opposition to affirmative action: the belief that those who live under bridges have the same rights as those who do not. Unless we make an active attempt to undo the effects of three hundred years of oppression, there will never be a color-blind society. The complaints of a few white men who miss their traditional ascendancy seem insignificant in comparison to the alternative: an unbroken cycle of misery for everyone else. True peace is not merely the absence of conflict, but the presence of justice. -Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., "Letter From a Birmingham Jail"

Essay on Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

In ancient Greece, men who died in war fulfilled the civic ideal to the utmost.   The women, destined to live out a degrading life, died in bed.   Certainly, not all men died in battle, but every epitaph shows in one way or another, the city would always remember the men who died in war.   Additionally, not all Athenian women died in bed; nonetheless, it was left to her family to preserve the memory of her not the city.   No matter how perfect a woman was she would never receive the same status or level of social expectations from the city that a man received. No accomplishments were allowed beyond living a life of motherhood and submissiveness to a man, namely her husband.   In fact, in early Greece, women were typically viewed as subservient to men, submissive in their actions, and of a status only slightly above slaves; however, Antigone was not your typical Greek woman.   Many ancient Greek Philosophers have written and expressed their views on women’s’ status in ancient Greece.   One author, Sophocles, wrote plays about how you cannot escape fate, because the Gods give fate and men cannot escape what the Gods decide. Sophocles shows his case in point, that human laws can destroy a city, using Antigone as a noticeable illustration to show his points.   Pericles according to the author Thucydides has hardly anything to say about women, but when he does, it is in a demeaning statement.   Socrates never says anything in reference to women, but more to society in a whole.   Finally, Sappho’s writings have been threatened to be destroyed because of her indifferent views towards women and how she portrayed them.   In the play Antigone, Sophocles stretches the role of a woman. There is a battle between what is right and laws of Gods or laws of man.   Sophocles places Antigone in this fight against her Uncle Creon.   Antigone stands up for ancient law and Creon stands up for man’s law.   Creon voices his opinion on how he feels about women in ancient Greece.   Creon states â€Å"We must defend the men who live by law, never let some woman triumph over us.   Better to fall from power, if fall we must, at the hands of a man – never be rated inferior to a woman, never.† (Pg. 77 – line 755-762)   Antigone, with her sharp tongue, challenges Creon with what she feels is right  Ã‚   â€Å"It wasn’t Zeus, not in the least, who made this proclamation – not to me.

Oregon Oxford Debate Essay

OREGON OXFORD DEBATE †¢. Rules and Guidelines On Debate Prepared by:Ma. Martha Manette A. Madrid, Ed.D. Professor marztmonette@yahoo.com †¢2. Proposition:Resolved: â€Å"That Parliamentary Form of Government Be Adopted† †¢3. Format of Debate:Oxford-Oregon Type †¢4. Three Speakers fromeach sideFirst Affirmative -Constructive SpeechFirst Negative -Interpellation of the first affirmative SpeakerFirst Negative -Constructive SpeechFirst Affirmative -Interpellation of the first negative speakerSecond Affirmative -Constructive SpeechSecond Negative -Interpellation of the second affirmativeSecond Negative -ConstructiveSecond Affirmative -Interpellation of the second negativeThird Affirmative -Constructive SpeechThird Negative -Interpellation of the third affirmativeThird Negative -Constructive SpeechThird Affirmative -Interpellation of the third negative †¢5. Three Speakers fromeach sideRebuttal of the Team Captainof the Affirmative SideSUR- Rebuttal of the Team Captainof the Negative Side †¢6. Duration Constructive Speech: Minimum of five (5) and maximum of seven (7) minutesInterpellation: Five (5) minutesRebuttal Speech: Three (3) minutesSUR- Rebuttal: Three (3) minutes †¢7. Issues for Debate A. Whether or not it is Necessary?(Necessity)B. Whether or not it is beneficial?(Beneficial)C. Whether or not it is practical?(Practicability) †¢8. Criteria for JudgingA. Evidence – 25%B. Delivery – 30%C. Interpellation – 30%D. Rebuttal &SUR-Rebuttal – 15% †¢9. Criteria for Judging- The judges, based on theirdiscretion, shall have the authority todetermine who will be the BestSpeaker and Best Debater. Thewinning team shall be determined bythe majority decision of the Board ofJudges. †¢10. Guides for Constructive SpeechSpeech types of Constructive Speech maybe:Reading MethodMemory MethodExtemporaneousMix method of memory andconversational or dramatic †¢11. Guides for Constructive SpeechPoise, gestures, audience contact and voice projection are highlyrecommended. †¢12. Rules on Interpellation1. Questions should primarily focused on argumentsdeveloped in the speech of your opponent. However,matters relevant and material to the proposition areadmissible.2. Questioner and opponent should treat each other withcourtesy.3. Both speakers stand and face the audience during thequestion or Interpellation period.4. Once the questioning  has begun, neither the questionernor his opponent may consult a colleague. Consultationshould be done before but as quietly as possible . †¢13. Rules on Interpellation5. Questioners should ask brief and easily understandablequestion. Answers should equally be brief. Categorical questionsanswerable by yes or no is allowed, however, opponent if hechoose, may qualify his answer why yes or why no.6. Questioner may not cut off a reasonable and qualifyinganswer, but he may cut off a nervous response with a statementsuch as a â€Å"thank you† â€Å"that is enough information† or â€Å"yourpoint is quite clear† or â€Å"I’m satisfied.†7. Questioner should not comment on the response of hisopponent.8. Your opponent may refuse to answer ambiguous, irrelevant orloaded questions by asking the questioner to rephrase or reformhis question. †¢14. Rules on Rebuttal SpeechA. Rebuttal speaker should point out clearlythe fallacies committed by his opponentstating clearly what particularly statement orargument constitute said fallac y.B. If not familiar with the fallacies of logic,the debater may counter arguments directlyby stating what arguments or statement isincorrect or false. †¢15. Role of the ModeratorThe moderator of the debate has the followingduties:1. To reveal the issue involve the debate;2. To rule on points of clarification about theissues or questions and answers made during theInterpellation; and3. To see to it that the debate is orderly andfollows the rules of parliamentary procedures. †¢16. Role of the Timer1. To time the speakers and debatersaccurately;2. To give the speakers a one-minutewarning with the ringing of the bell oncebefore his/her time is up.3. To prevent the debaters from exceedingthe time allotted to them by ringing thebell twice. †¢17. Tips on Interpellationand RebuttalCROSS EXAMINATIONA. The cross-examination period of a debate is a time when the person who is not going to speak next in the constructive questions the person who has just finished speaking.B. Consider cross examination an information exchange period – it is not the time to role play lawyer. †¢18. CROSS EXAMINATION C. Cross examination may serve six objectives: 1. To clarify points 2. To expose errors 3. To obtain admissions 4. To setup arguments 5. To save prep time 6. To show the judge how cool you are so they WANT to vote †¢19. CROSS EXAMINATION D. Most debaters tend to ignore the value of good cross- examination. Remember, 30% of the entire debate is spent in cross-examination — it should be a meaningful and essential part of the debate. If nothing else, debaters tend  to underestimate the importance that cross-examination may have on the judge. E. Cross-examination will indicate to the judge just how sharp and spontaneous the debaters are. Invisible bias will always occur in a debate round and judges would always like the sharpest team to win. Good, effective cross- examination of the opponents can play an important psychological role in winning the ballot of the judge. †¢20. CROSS EXAMINATION F. Be dynamic. Have questions and be ready to go, answer questions actively and with confidence whenever you can. The image you project will be very important to the audience/judge. This is the one opportunity the audience/judge has to compare you with opponent’s side-by-side. †¢21. GUIDELINES FOR ASKINGQUESTIONS:1. Ask a short Q designed to get a short A2. Indicate the object of your Q3. Dont telegraph your argument, dontmake it too obvious.4. Dont ask Q they wont answerproperly.†So, we win, right?† †¢22. GUIDELINES FOR ASKINGQUESTIONS:5. Make Q seem important, even if it isjust an attempt to clarify.6. Politeness is a must — emphasize thedifference if they are rude.7. Approach things from a non-obviousdirection. Then trap them.8. Mark your flow/notes as to what youwant to question them about. †¢23. GUIDELINES FOR ASKINGQUESTIONS:9. Avoid open ended Qs unless you aresure they are clueless.10. Face the judge/audience, not youropponent.11. CX answers must be integrated intoyour arguments made during a speech. †¢24. GUIDELINES FOR ANSWERINGQUESTIONS:1. Concise A.2. Refer to something you have alreadysaid whenever possible. This is safe.3. Answer based on your position in thedebate so far. Keep options open.4. Dont make promises of what you oryour partner will do later. †¢25. GUIDELINES FOR ANSWERINGQUESTIONS:5. Qualify your answers.6. Be willing to exchange documentsread into the debate.7. Answer only relevant questions.8. Address the judge. †¢26. GUIDELINES FOR ANSWERINGQUESTIONS:9. Try and not answer hypothetical Q. Ifthey demand, say you will give ahypothetical A.10. Signal each other, dont tag-team.11. Dont say†I dont know,†say†I am notsure at this time†¦.† †¢27. REBUTTALSA. Most debaters, coaches, and judges would agr ee that rebuttals are the most difficult and yet the most important parts of the debate.B. Not only is there less time within each speech, but each debater has to sort through all of the issues to determine which ones are the most important ones!C. What a debater does or does not do in rebuttals will decide who wins the debate. Very few debaters (especially beginners) can hope to extend everything that  happened in the constructive speeches. †¢28. REBUTTALSD. Debaters dont have to do that and just because a team may have dropped a point or an argument is not an automatic reason to vote against that team.E. What matters is the type of argument that is extended or dropped in rebuttals-this will determine the winner of the round. †¢29. REBUTTALSThink about these four issues when rebuttalshappen:1. Which arguments have more weight at theend of the round?2. Which outcomes (disads, counter plans)are more likely given lots of internal links?3. What about time frame-what happensfirst?4. What about the quality of evidence? †¢30. REBUTTALSHere are some other helpful hints:1. Avoid repetition. Dont just repeat yourconstructive arguments. Beat the other teamsarguments and tell the judge why your argumentsare better.2. Avoid passing ships. Dont avoid what theother team said. You must clash directly withtheir responses.3. Avoid reading evidence only. You must beexplaining and telling the judge why these issueswin the de bate. †¢31. REBUTTALS4. Avoid rereading evidence that has alreadybeen read in constructive. You can makereference to it by referring to it, but dont re-read it.5. Avoid â€Å"lumping and dumping.†Dont try togo for everything. You cant make 12responses to each argument in a few minutes.6. Be organized. Dont jump from issue toissue at random. Be specific and logical aboutwinning issues. †¢32. REBUTTALS7. Dont be a blabbering motor mouth. Speakquickly but not beyond your ability. If you speaktoo fast, you will stumble and not get through asmuch.8. Dont whine to the judge about fairness or whatthe other team might have done that you think isunethical. Make responses and beat them.9. Dont make new arguments. You can read newevidence but you cant run new disadvantages ortopicality responses. You are limiting to extendingthe positions laid out in the constructive speeches. †¢33. REBUTTALS10. Use signposting. Make sure the judge knowswhere you are on the flow sheet. This is not the timeto lose the judge on the flow.11. Use issue packages. Organize your argumentsinto issue packages. Choose arguments which youwant to win. Dont go for everything. Extend thosearguments that you need to win.12. Cross-apply arguments. If you dropped anargument in a prior speech that you think wasimportant dont act like your losing. Cross-applyarguments you made somewhere else in the d ebate toanswer it.

Berlin Conference Essay

The Berlin Conference is a conference that was held in Berlin in an effort to reach and agreement among European nations regarding the distribution of goods and free trade in Central African Territories. The Berlin Conference had the greatest political imperial impact during the 19th centuries because the conference was where all of the European countries decide which pieces of Africa each European nation would get and this resulted in many new changes for Africa both positive and negative. The Berlin Conference had a political impact on the division of Africa by the European nations. â€Å"One of the main goals of the Berlin Conference was to secure free trade in the Congo Region.†(Finkelman, 1998). During the conference no African representatives were invited. Africans were considered to be uncivilized, so they were not included. â€Å"Thinking that Belgium would be easier to influence than the more powerful Great Britain, France, or Portugal, Bismarck backed up IAC’s (International Association of the Congo)†. (Stock, 2013) other countries eventually came to an understanding and the IAC got control of many miles of land of the Congo River Basin. The General Act, which was signed at the Berlin Conference, which secured access to the Niger and Congo rivers for all nations. â€Å"The basis of the General Act had the intentions to abolish the slave trade and insure Africa’s native population kept their morals† (Leopold II, 1890) and comf ort along with health, which was an extremely positive intention. Other consequences from the Berlin Conference were the economic impact over the division of Africa. Even though the â€Å"Berlin Act was greatly concerned with free trade, mainly in liquor between the European Nations, it is generally recognized as the first time the European nations formally recognized any sort of duty to Africans.† (Finkelman, 1998). Even though Atlantic slave trade was essentially extinguished, slaves continued to be traded in Africa and exported to Arabia. The Berlin Act explained that they  would have abolished slave trade to improve the conditions of their health and well-being. The Berlin Act also provided that â€Å"Trading in slaves is forbidden in conformity with the principles of the international law as recognized by the Signatory Powers.† (Stock, 2013) Nevertheless, this did not accommodate any provisions for enforcement. Therefore the Berlin Act has an insufficient impact or absolutely no impact on the slave trade in Africa. Although, ev en with their choice of what to trade, the trading industry boomed which is a positive impact on Europeans only. Other than the slave trade many goods were distributed abroad such as cloth, iron, copper, shells, jewelry, ivory, spices, and many more which had a positive impact on the economy due to many new things being discovered and traded. The economic and political impact unintentionally influenced the social impact of Africa due to the European and Africans coming together. Most Africans did not benefit from interacting with the Europeans. â€Å"Europeans were discriminative against the Africans because of their dark skin color† (Finkelman, 1998), leading to the Africans becoming the slaves of the Europeans in the Americas. â€Å"The Europeans benefitted from the use of Africans† (Stock, 2013), being their slaves because they are receiving labor without having to pay for it. With the coming together of nations there was great tension and racism between the two because of the skin color and many more reasons. In conclusion the Berlin Conference has the greatest political impact during the 19th centuries on the division of Africa by the European Nations. The division of Africa led to slave trade and loss of culture. The Europeans took over Africa and made it their own by having free labor by transporting Africans around the world to work. The Berlin Conference had good intentions by abolishing slave trade but it unintentionally led to many bad things effecting Africans but benefiting the Europeans.

Abrahamic Religions

Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are all very closely unified as Abrahamic religions because they share a multitude of common beliefs and thoughts. Hinduism, on the other hand is almost complete opposite of these religions. The extreme differences within these religions has seemed to cause problems between them throughout history. Hinduism is considered to be an Eastern religion while Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are considered Western. (Lafave,2004. Location, leaders, religious practices, and political issues are just a few aspects that bring them to differentiating opinions. The Abrahamic religions have many shared ideas and thoughts in relation to life and the driving force of the universe. Jews ,Christians, & Muslims all agree upon the notion that there is only one creator of all of humanity. They are all monotheistic religions and they rely on holy scriptures as a life guided tool. The Christians use the Holy Bible, Islams refer to the Qu’ran, while Jews refer mostly to the Torah.All believe that the human body is only a temporary state and that if the soul is a deemed a good one by following God’s plan then it goes on to live eternally in heaven with Jesus or the equivalent. If the soul judged by God is unworthy, then it must live in hell with the devil. Jews, Muslims, and Christians alike all believe in a coming of the Messiah, though at different times. Another shared belief is that GOD is a merciful God and must be respected and given praise accordingly.He will forgive the sins of the people by repentance and one must live their life according to his teachings. These beliefs are just the tip of the iceberg when talking about similarities between the Abrahamic religions. Hinduism is an almost complete opposite of the Abrahamic religions. Hindus have no substantial founder of the religion nor do they only worship just one God, but different Gods and Goddesses and manifestations or aspects of the Supreme God. Hinduism is considered a pol ytheistic religion.The life guided scriptures used by them is the Vedas which are considered the oldest and most sacred religious texts. Hinduism beliefs consider karma to determine one’s life path for the future in the cycle of reincarnation. Karma is considered to be the universal law of cause and effect. They consider life to be a continuous cycle and the end goal for them is to be released from life by â€Å"learning the true illusions of life and achieve unity with the Brahman†. â€Å"Individuals may find release from life by devotion to one or more of the Indian Gods. (Hopfe &Woodward,2009. p. 98)Hinduism has grown to become the world’s third largest religion. Places of worship include temples and home shrines. Brahman is the unifying principle and Supreme Reality behind all existance though is rarely worshipped. Brahma is the most widely known and is the recognized one as Creator of the world. The similarities that are shared by these religions are very few and many conflicts have actually risen from differences in views of the world.In modern civilation in these days and times, I believe in unity of all religions. If the whole world could all come to a common point of understanding, there would be less need for war and misunderstanding of humanity. Even though these religions are deemed so different, I believe there is a unifying force that helped create them all.References Hopfe, L. & Woodward, M. , (2009). Religions of the World,11th ed. Lafave, S. , Retrieved January 2004 from http://instruct. westvalley. edu/lafave/east_west. html

Effetcs of methemphetamine use

Section A: Background (300- 400 words using formal, referenced, academic writing) What is your enquiry question about? This enquiry question seeks to uncover the relationship between methamphetamine (MA) use and the influence it has over criminal behavior. MA affects the central nervous system by stimulating the dopamine and morphogenesis receptors in the brain to produce the effect of alertness, euphoria and a sense of well being which In they would normally not take part in (Angling, Burke, Protect, Stammer, & Dad- noirs, 2000). According to (Angling et al. 2000) the physiological alterations in the body under the influence is similar to the fight-or-flight syndrome, which consist of a sis in blood pressure, body temperature, heart and breathing rate. Some unfavorable side effects include stomach cramps, shaking, cardiac arrhythmia, as well as increased anxiety, aggressiveness, paranoia, insomnia and hallucinations (Angling et al. , 2000). Production of MA relatively easy and altho ugh access to the necessary precursor chemicals can be reduced, it cannot be eliminated as most of the tools and chemicals required are everyday household items.MA is manufactured in clandestine laboratories that normally gets set up in houses, apartments and other buildings, which make it easier for them to be hidden from local law enforcement (Witter, Marty, Mueller, Catchalls, & Newman, 2007). Why is it important to study this specific issue/debate/problem? The negative implications surrounding MA use does not only affect the user but also the wider community. The hazardous chemicals found at clandestine labs can cause health issues to first responders entering the labs during or after MA production such as sore throats, respiratory problems, headaches and eye and skin irritation (Witter et al. 2009). There can be increased health risks for paramedics transporting MA users as there is greater chance that the user could be HIVE positive due to the reported association between MA u se and HIVE risk behaviors (Carrier, Greenbelt, & Michael, 2011). According to (Eyeliners & Biostatic, 2006, p. 79) there's can also be increased complications for paramedics when transporting patients under the influence of MA because they may not reveal that they are using the drug and require more invasive cardiac monitoring, presser support and procedures.Section B: Report of Enquiry Activity What changes have you made to your enquiry question and why (if you have not changed your question at all, why? The first question was about the effects of methamphetamine use on the human body but that was considered a closed question and did not provide an opportunity create an argument. A change was done to structure the question so that an enquiry could be made whereas before most readers would know methamphetamine was bad for the human body, therefore I changed the question to find out what influence methamphetamine could have on other events.Bearing in mind the changes (if any) you ha ve made, what is your current enquiry question? How does methamphetamine use influence criminal behavior? Using a credible information source, define qualitative and quantitative modes of enquiry (in your own words; do not use quotes). Ensure that your source is referenced in-text and a full citation is supplied in the references section (at the end regular data into applicable statistics (Anderson, 2006). It can be used to compute behaviors; opinions, attitudes and other ascertain variables while generalizing results from a larger sample population (Anderson, 2006).The measurable data can then be formulated into facts, which in turn are used to uncover patterns during the research (Anderson, 2006). The various data collection methods include surveys, interviews, longitudinal studies, online polls and systematic observations (Anderson, 2006). Qualitative research is largely an exploratory research. It can be deployed to gain underlying opinions, reasons and motivations to make it a valuable tool to help develop ideas or hypotheses for quantitative research (Anderson, 2006). Trends on opinions and thoughts can be uncovered allowing further research to go deeper into the problem (Anderson, 2006).Frequently used methods include individual interviews, focus groups and observation of participants (Anderson, 2006). Respondents are chosen to fulfill a certain quota while the sample size is typically small (Anderson, 2006). Which mode(s) of enquiry (qualitative and/or quantitative) will be most relevant to answer your enquiry, and why? Quantitative research is be more relevant to answer this enquiry question as methamphetamine users and individuals involved in crime are not likely to admit the activities they are involved in. Deemphasizing users can also be under the influence of various substances legal and illegal therefore the information collected during qualitative methods may not be accurate. Being that quantitative research involves statistics that can be colle cted with data provided from government agencies that deal with large populations like law enforcement, customs and hospitals. List three of your search phrases by completing the tables below. Include synonyms, truncation, Boolean operators and quotation marks as appropriate.You may add or delete columns, depending on the number of keywords in your enquiry. Concept 1 keyword Booleans (AND/OR) Concept 2 keyword Concept 3 keyword Methamphetamine And History Problem HIVE Persistence â€Å"Law enforcement† â€Å"Symptoms experienced† What combinations of specific search phrases and pathways have you used to find credible sources? Give full details (a short paragraph for each search) of two specific searches (phrase and database, e. G. , Google Scholar) you used to obtain credible information sources. 1 .The TAUT library search was used with the phrase Methamphetamine and history and problem, I found the Journal article with the information I needed but a DOI was not availa ble and the website address was through a proxy server so I had to extract key words from the title and used Google scholar to find the Journal and article on Taylor and Francis online. . I used TAUT library search with the phrase methamphetamine and â€Å"law enforcement† and â€Å"symptoms experienced† to find the journal article and then was linked to Taylor and Francis online, as TAUT subscribes to that website I was able to access the materials.

Consumerism and Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Consumerism and Identity - Essay Example In this paper I will qualify the statement that the capitalist commercial culture has been blamed for the bad experiences in the society. Argument for the Claim The society has continually faced problems that range from economic to political, and fingers point to the commercial culture of capitalism. Profit motive in the commercial sector plays an important role on food that people eat and to a great extent account for effects of other consumables. Emergence of economic concepts of cost minimization towards optimal profits play a core role as capitalists seeks less costly strategies to productions and marketing strategies for market control. In the food industry, for example, industrialization has transformed eating habits to commercially processed foods that are rich in chemicals and fats and expose consumers to eating disorders such as overweight. Using the media to penetrate into new markets also influences consumers towards the capitalists’ products and increases incidence s of effects of industrial products (Twitchell 1). Economic effects of capitalism also support the claim that the commercial culture is responsible for depression and associated disorders among members of the society. Unlike in socialist culture where the society owns resources and collectivism ensures needs of every member of the society, capitalism concentrates excessive resources on a few individuals while a majority of members of the society remain in poverty and have to struggle for their needs. Human suffering due to lack of basic needs or wants therefore flourish in the society while a non-capitalist system would have resolved such conditions. The condition worsens by capitalists’ selfish interest that seeks to increase the capitalists’ possession at the expense of the working class that mainly lives in poverty. Capitalist commercial culture has also threatened social cultures and cultural figures through undermining cultural values. Competitiveness in the corpo rate sector and the profit orientation of capitalists has for example promoted creativity into cultural shifts in what appears as better practices and utilities. Cultures and their benefits to the society have suffered from the developments as they become inferior and lose value. High level of competition in the market and self-interest has also promoted ills such as corruption and associated consequences in substandard products that risk consumers’ lives and undermine economic growth (Twitchell 1). Established criticisms of the commercial culture also support Twitchell’s position that the culture does not benefit the society. Some oppressive conditions are manageable, especially through collective responsibility as observed in socialist culture, but self-centered interest in the capitalist culture overlooks strategies for resolving the conditions. Widening gap between economic classes is an example and explains why the poor get poorer and the rich continue to amass we alth. Capitalistic culture also undermines efforts for harmonizing living standards in the economy and promotes such acts as discrimination and exploitation to promote suffering and stress.

The US Presidential Candidates on Foreign Policy Essay

The US Presidential Candidates on Foreign Policy - Essay Example Our relations with Iran and North Korea are at center stage. Our plan for the war in Iraq and an international consensus may be vital to our success there. Almost every issue from banking to human rights requires some degree of foreign policy expertise. While McCain's years as a Senator qualifies him as the most experienced candidate, what Obama lacks in experience he makes up for in expertise. In today's world, Obama's plans and approaches to foreign policy are a better fit with the international community and the growing globalization. One of the critical differences is in the approach and style that the men bring to the table. While McCain's years of experience have given him significant exposure to foreign events and crisis, many of his methods arise from his experiences and are anchored in the past. For example, his comment during the debate of 'walk softly and carry a big stick' may have been effective in dealing with the 20th century banana republics, but is not relevant to 21st century Iran. In addition, he has recently contended that Iran's Ahmadinejad was responsible for their nuclear policy when in fact it is the Ayatollah Kahmenei and Iran's National Security Council. When questioned he simply replied, "any average American thought of Ahmadinejad as the Iranian leader, and so he would, too" (Frick). However, we would not expect the average American to run our foreign policy. While Obama may lack the direct experience, he has a lifetime of studied thought and a personal interest in foreign affairs that gi ves him a historical perspective and an expertise that McCain lacks. This ability to think and examine is shown by the candidates' difference in their approach to Iran. McCain steadfastly argues that we should never negotiate with terrorists and refuses to talk to the Iranians. This approach is a continuation of the Bush policy that has been responsible for the election of the extremist government in Iran. While Iran is a rather moderate and modern country, they have elected a hard line government in response to the Bush right wing rhetoric of the early 2000s. However, Obama contends that we should be talking to the Iranians. Note that Obama understands the difference between negotiating and talking, which offers no guarantees, makes no promises, and has no pre-conditions (Fang). While we may come away from the table with nothing, it may thaw out an icy relationship and create a first step to a diplomatic process. Here again, Obama favors the reasonable avenue of diplomacy with war as a last resort, while McCain favors the pre-emptive strike policies (a reckless and dangerous approach) that have been pursued by the current administration. These same shortsighted policies will be pursued by McCain in North Korea, while Obama will favor constructive diplomacy to defuse the situation. The most immediate foreign policy dilemma that will face the next president will be the plan for Iraq. The critical difference between the candidates is their steadiness and commitment to a goal. Obama has supported a phased withdrawal with a timetable to extract the US presence in Iraq since the war began. McCain had been adamantly opposed to a timetable arguing that it would simply motivate the enemy to wait for our exit. Meckler reports that, "After months of ridiculing opponents who want to set a timetable for withdrawal in Iraq, today John

Compare various types of information systems Assignment

Compare various types of information systems - Assignment Example A connected term is call centre, a place that patrons call to place orders, amid many other things. The World Wide Web provides the likelihood of a new, fairly cheap, and effectively average user interface to assist desks and also to call centers and seems to be influencing further computerization in help desk service (Bruton, 2002). According Bruton (2002) an average help desk provides a single point of contact for users to get help. Usually, the help desk deals with requests by utilizing help desk software, or issues tracking system, which facilitates the help desk operators to keep track of the user requests utilizing identifier, easily find solutions to frequent questions, prioritize cases, and so forth. Bigger help desks make use of distinct levels to manage distinct types of requests. The first-level is normally established for answering likely the most frequent questions, or for providing answers that traditionally belong in a knowledgebase or FAQ. There are various desktop mo dels to select from, but it quite difficult to be in a position where External IT cannot offer you with the level of support you require. Full Business FlexSupport This the Support plan which a couple of years ago increased the service bar in the IT outsourcing industry. Full Business FlexSupport offers any business the alternative of positing a Held Desk ticket online. On those rare situations when the problem needs a intense level of professionalism the ticket can escalated to LevelTwo (Bruton, 2002). Escalation FlexSupport This is the plan for organizations that have an in-built Help Desk or an IT Director who can be on instant call. If the enterprise selects this option the IT technician will be offered a flexibility of handling off the baton and having External IT support of the organization at the time when the internal Help Desk is closed. Support in the cloud is not the same as typical IT support. It is extremely skilled and hugely dedicated area. For this rationale, the Sup port people at External IT are well all experienced. On the other hand, Automatic Ticket Routing is as well an alternative if the company has an in-built Help Desk (External IT, n.d.). Dedicated FlexSupport This hailed as one of the highest level of service. The organization will have a full-time Support-Engineer, or Engineers committed to the company’s detailed requirements. This service includes a direct dial alternative to an engineer. Limited FlexSupport This is the customer support for email and web applications only. The company will usually have the help with its portal Desktop, local Outlook configuring, Office Web Apps, amid other applications. Vendor-Identifying Vendor Options The DHCP plan for IPv4, RFC 2131, explains options that permit the end user to show its vendor variety, and the DHCP customer plus server to replace vendor-detailed data. Even though there lacks ban against sharing manifold replicas of these options in one packet, doing so would usher in vague ness of interpretation, especially if passing vendor detailed data for manifold functions. The vendor established by option 60 describes the version of option 43 that itself conveys no vendor identifier. In addition, the concatenation of manifold cases of the same option, needs by RFC 2131 and detailed by RFC [4], suggests that manifold duplicates of options 60 or 43 would not stay independent (Nydick & Liberatore, 2009). In some situations,

The common causes of crime in the world Research Paper

The common causes of crime in the world - Research Paper Example Every country has a certain common crime amongst its citizens. Most of these crimes result to deaths of either the offenders or the offended, and sometimes, both parties. Research indicates that most victims of crime are the young people. This paper will seek to establish and validate that economy; drug use, TV violence, and a lack of law enforcement are four common causes of crime in the world. In the 1990s, there was a low crime rate in the US compared to other proceeding years. This is attributed to the economic boom during the 1990s decade. This is majorly considered being because of low rate of unemployment and increased per capita income. However, during as economic recession, crime rate has been on the increase all over the world (Martin, 2012). There are many reasons behind the decrease in crime rate during economic prosperity ranging from strong support on the police department and law enforcement agencies to sufficient income among citizens to satisfy their needs. This means that citizens are less likely to involve themselves in crime in pursuit of means for survival, and increased law intervention is likely to caught people with intentions to commit crime due to stable support from financial resources. When there is no enough money to support the crime police unit and the law enforcement agencies, only a few policies and strategies are implemented giving criminals an opportunity to boost their crime activities. When inflation rate is high, people tend to involve themselves in black street market in order to provided cheaper goods. Inflation means high cost of living that many people may not afford put up with forcing them to adopt other means of survival. For example, high house rates may force some people the vacate house and look for cheaper ones that they are able to pay rent without much struggle (Hamm, 2007). The vacated houses may stay